Field experimental data for crop modeling of wheat growth response to nitrogen fertilizer , elevated CO 2 , water stress , and high temperature

Field experimental data of five experiments covering a wide range of growing conditions are assembled for wheat growth and cropping systems modeling. The data include (i) an experiment on interactive effects of elevated CO2 by water and elevated CO2 by nitrogen fertilizer application from a Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment experiment (FACE) at Arizona in USA; (ii) a nitrogen rate fertilizer experiment from three locations and two years in The Netherlands; (iii) water deficit experiments at Lincoln in New Zealand and (iv) at Cunderdin in Australia; and (v) a temperature sensitivity experiment at Obregon in Mexico. Overall, the data sets consist of 65 experimental treatments with more than 1000 observations, with time series of development and growth, soil water and soil nitrogen dynamics, yield and yield components, daily weather, soil characteristics, and cultivar descriptions. These data have been used in various agronomic and crop modeling studies.


CO2-WATER-NITROGEN INTERACTION EXPERIMENT -ARIZONA, USA:
A Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted (Kimball et al., 1999;Wall and Kimball, 1993) to study interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration with water and nitrogen stress on growth, development, and yield of spring wheat cv.Yecora Rojo.The field experiment was carried out during the 1992-1993, 1993-1994, 1995-1996, and 1996-1997 growing seasons (  1992-1993 and 1993-1994 included interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 with limited water supply on wheat growth.Some of the experimental treatments were fully irrigated (wet treatments), and some were partially irrigated (dry treatments).
Irrigation water was supplied with a sub-surface drip-tape irrigation system.The 1995The -1996The and 1996The -1997 experiments included interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration with nitrogen supply.In addition to elevated CO2, some treatments received high nitrogen and some received limited nitrogen applications (Table 2).All treatments of the 1995-1996 and 1996-1997 experiments were fully irrigated.Above-ground dry matter, leaf area, grain yield, and yield components were measured at various growth stages of the crop.Soil types were silty clay loam at The Bowing and silty loam both at The Eest and PAGV.The original purpose of this experiment was to generate experimental data relevant to testing simulation models for soil nitrogen dynamics, crop growth, and nitrogen uptake (Asseng et al., 2000;Groot and Verberne, 1991).Accordingly, a wheat cv.Arminda was grown with three contrasting levels of nitrogen fertilizer applications, including low (N1), medium (N2), and high (N3) (Table 3).In addition to the fertilizer amount indicated in Table 3, a monthly nitrogen deposition of 4 kg N/ha of ammonium nitrate at the Bouwing and 3 kg N/h for the Eest and PAGV (Asseng et al., 2000) was considered.The experiments consisted of frequently measured above-ground dry matter, grain yield, leaf area, grain nitrogen, crop nitrogen, and soil water contents at various growth stages of the crop.(Asseng et al., 2004).Wheat cv.Wilgoyne (early maturing) and Spear (late maturing) were sown on 6 June (sowing 1), 8 July (sowing 2), and 30 July (sowing 3) (Table 4).Sowing 3 was outside the normal sowing window to increase terminal water and temperature stress during grain filling (Asseng et al., 2004).Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at the different sowing dates with rates of 0 or 50 kg N/ha (Table 4).In selected treatments, irrigation water (total of 100 mm) was applied at weekly intervals for 7 weeks prior to anthesis to minimize water deficit.
Above-ground dry matter were measured at various growth stages of the crop.Grain yield was measured at the end of the growing season.

WATER DEFICIT EXPERIMENT -LINCOLN, NEW ZEALAND:
A field experiment located at New Zealand Institute of Crop and Food Research experiment station, Lincoln (43.39° S, 172.39°E), was used to examine the effect of water deficit on growth and yield of wheat (Jamieson et al., 1995).Wheat cv.Rongotea was sown on 8 June 1991 in a mobile rain shelter (55 m x 12 m).A mobile rainfall shelter was used to cover the experimental crop during rainfall events.On days without rainfall, the crop was exposed to a normal field environment (Jamieson and Ewert, 1999;Jamieson et al., 1995;Jamieson et al., 1998b).
The control treatment was fully irrigated and crops in other treatments were exposed to increasing levels of water stress at different crop growth stages (Table 5).Treatments presented here (1, 3, 5-8, and 11) were selected from the full experimental set described in Jamieson et al. (1995).Authors assessed response of crops to drought stress by exposing the crops to droughts of varying time and duration.The soil was a deep sandy loam (1.6 m) with an available water-holding capacity of 190 mm/m depth.Thirty kg N/ha was applied at sowing, and an additional 150 kg N/ha was applied through irrigation.Aboveground dry matter, leaf area, grain yield and soil water contents were measured at various growth stages of the crop.et al., 1997).The original purpose of this study was to compare yield progress of semidwarf wheat cultivars over a six year period in northwest Mexico (Sayre et al., 1997).
During this period, mean recorded in-season temperature increased by more than 1 o C (Asseng et al., 2004).Sowing was from late November to early December (Table 6).Prior to sowing, a summer green manure crop (20 kg N/ha) was incorporated by cultivation to reduce nutrient deficiency.Superphosphate (26 kg N/ha), urea (150 kg N/ha), and chicken manure (150 kg N/ha) were broadcasted at sowing.Irrigation water was supplied at 30% depletion of available water.Above-ground dry matter and grain yield were measured at the end of the crop growing season.Time series ( in season) data was not measured for these experiments.

Table 1 .
Summary of experiments and ranges of observed grain yields of wheat across diverse environments and treatments.

Table 2
) at the University of Arizona's Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa (33.06 o N, 111.98 o W, 361 meters above sea level), located approximately 50 km south of Phoenix, Arizona(Wall et al., 2006).The soil was a Trix clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvents).Sowing was early to mid-December on clay loam soils.The FACE plots were fumigated with elevated atmospheric CO2 of 550 ppm throughout the growing season while control plots were kept at ambient atmospheric CO2 level at approximately 360 ppm.Experiments during the growing season of

Table 2 .
Summary of a Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment at Arizona, USA

Table 3 .
Summary of nitrogen fertilizer applications (N1, N2, N3) experiment at three sites in The Netherlands.

Table 4 .
Summary of water deficit experiment-Cunderdin, Western Australia

Table 5 .
Jamieson et al. (1995)) and amount (mm) for water deficit experiment -Lincoln, New Zealand Selected treatments with contrasting water deficit are presented in this table.Full sets of experimental treatments are presented inJamieson et al. (1995).

Table 6 .
(Rosenzweig et al., 2013)season mean temperature during the1989-1990 to 1994-1995  periodat Obregon, Mexico.Details of crop management, weather, soil, and measured crop data are provided in AgMIP format(Rosenzweig et al., 2013).Table7includes input and measured data file names for each experiment location.The data is grouped into four main folders.Soil properties and daily weather data are provided in folders named soil data and weather data, respectively.Crop management input data such as soil initial conditions, sowing dates, sowing depth, plant population, cultivars, irrigation, and fertilizer rates are provided in a folder named soil-crop management.Measured data on wheat growth and development including phenology, above-ground biomass, yield and yield components during the growing season (times series), as well as information at the end of the growing season (summary) are provided in a folder named experimental data.All data are in text files (tab delimited).A "read me text file" is included for abbreviations and variable definitions as part of the dataset.

Table 7 .
File names of experimental data.Note that weight related field measured data such as the above ground biomass and grain yield are provided in dry weight basis. *